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The fountain from the Latin fontana in the meaning source spring key is a natural or artificially created phenomenon consisting in the expiration of a liquid under the pressure exerted on it Upwards or to the side. In the latter case especially when the outflow of fluid is relatively quiet such a fountain is referred to the source category. In some cases such a source is called a key.

The first fountains originated in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as evidenced by images on ancient tombstones. Originally they were used for irrigation of cultivated crops and ornamental plants. The Egyptians built fountains in orchards near the house where they were installed in the middle of a rectangular pond.

Similar fountains used in Mesopotamia and Persia famous for their beautiful gardens. Here in the East they were even more popular.

According to certain canons the Persian oriental garden was supposed to reflect four different entities water flowers plants and music which can be seen on the ancient images and carpet patterns. The Muslim gardens were surrounded by terraces of multicolored tiles spatter fountains reflected from them created an extraordinary play of light and shadow.

Later in the likeness of the garden were built in Toledo Granada and other cities.

In gardens of another type, unity was created water flowers trees light and shadow. A vivid example of such a landscape architecture are Taj Mahal gardens in India and Shalimar gardens. In such gardens an important accent is the abundant springs that run down from the mountains where they are artificially turned at the foot of their riverbed creating ponds and waterfalls.

Great importance fountains had in China and Japan. Buddhist monks participated in the creation of the famous Japanese garden of Kyoto. Each element of this garden carries a special meaning and causes visitors a certain mood and state of mind.

The landscape and architectural basis of fountains and gardens in Europe was the Persian Gardens. In the Middle Ages the gardens appeared in monasteries and like the Persian garden were divided into four parts for flowers herbs vegetable crops and fruit trees. In the middle of the garden was a well or fountain a place of solitude meditation and prayer for the novices of the monastery. But basically as in the Ancient World in the Middle Ages fountains were used as sources of water supply for irrigation and drinking.

Only with the beginning of the Renaissance fountains in Europe become part of the architectural ensemble its bright accent and sometimes the main element. The Roman style became the main one.

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