Nelson Mandela Biography

Nelson Mandela biographie, faits, éducation, apartheid, famille, conjoint

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.

Highlights:

1 - Early life

1.1 - Childhood: 1918–1934

1.2 - Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940

1.3 - Arriving in Johannesburg: 1941–1943

2 - Revolutionary activity

2.1 - Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949

2.2 - Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954

2.3 - Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961

2.4 - MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–62

3 - Imprisonment

3.1 - Arrest and Rivonia trial: 1962–1964

3.2 - Robben Island: 1964–1982

3.3 - Pollsmoor Prison: 1982–1988

3.4 - Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990

4 - End of apartheid

4.1 - Early negotiations: 1990–91

4.2 - CODESA talks: 1991–92

4.3 - General election: 1994

5 - Presidency of South Africa: 1994–1999

5.1 - National reconciliation

5.2 - Domestic programmes

5.3 - Foreign affairs

5.4 - Withdrawing from politics

6 - Retirement

6.1 - Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004

6.2 - "Retiring from retirement": 2004–2013

6.3 - Illness and death: 2011–2013

7 - Political ideology

7.1 - Democracy

7.2 - Socialism and Marxism

8 - Personality and personal life

9 - Reception and legacy

9.1 - Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours

9.2 - Biographies and popular media

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