Otto von Bismarck Biography

Otto von Bismarck, décès, biographie, signification, réalisations

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (German: Otto Eduard Leopold Fürst von Bismarck, Herzog zu Lauenburg; Born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck (German: [ˈɔtoː fɔn ˈbɪsmark] (About this soundlisten)), was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.

In 1862, King Wilhelm I appointed Bismarck as Minister President of Prussia, a position he would hold until 1890, with the exception of a short break in 1873. He provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Following the victory against Austria, he abolished the supranational German Confederation and instead formed the North German Confederation as the first German national state in 1867, leading it as Federal Chancellor. This aligned the smaller North German states behind Prussia. Later receiving the support of the independent South German states in the Confederation's defeat of France, he formed the German Empire in 1871, unifying Germany with himself as Imperial Chancellor, while retaining control of Prussia at the same time. The new German nation excluded Austria, which had been Prussia's main opponent for predominance among the German states.

Highlights:

1 Early years

2 Early political career

2.1 Young politician

2.2 Ambassador to Russia and France

3 Minister President of Prussia

3.1 Blood and Iron speech

3.2 Defeat of Denmark

3.3 Defeat of Austria

3.4 Franco-Prussian War 1870–71

3.5 Unification of Germany

4 Chancellor of the German Empire

4.1 Kulturkampf

4.2 Economy

4.3 Germanisation

4.4 Socialism

4.5 Foreign policies

4.5.1 Early relations with Europe and its government

4.5.2 France

4.5.3 Italy

4.5.4 Russia

4.5.5 Triple Alliance

4.5.6 Colonies

4.5.7 Avoiding war

4.6 Social legislation

4.6.1 Early legislation

4.6.2 Sickness Insurance Law of 1883

4.6.3 Accident Insurance Law of 1884

4.6.4 Old Age and Disability Insurance Law of 1889

5 Downfall

5.1 Final years and forced resignation

5.2 Last warnings and predictions

5.3 Death

6 Legacy and memory

6.1 Reputation

6.2 Memorials

6.3 Bismarck: memory and myth

6.4 Place names

7 Titles, styles, honours and arms

7.1 Titles and styles

7.2 Duke of Lauenburg

7.3 Honours

8 In popular culture

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

11.1 Biographies

11.2 Surveys

11.3 Specialized studies

11.4 Historiography and memory

11.5 Primary sources

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